How and to what extent did mostly unfree Asian and African labour contributed to build and sustain the Portuguese Asian empire during the 16th and 17th centuries? This is the main question addressed by EMPIRELAB. The project explores case study of the Estado da Índia, the Portuguese early modern empire in Asia, between 1510 and 1663. It aims to understand whether this early modern empire was able to develop and sustain itself (even in times of decline) due to a highly intensive extraction and allocation of non-European labour, especially when compared with other European counterparts in the Indian Ocean, namely the Dutch and the English.